"Lettre bâtarde" was used for the 31-line Indulgence (1454-55), which is attributed by Gutenberg. This slightly slanted script was derived from the running style used for handwritten documents and is called " lettre bâtarde." It was widely used by scribes in the court of the Duchy of Burgundy, for which it is also called "lettre bourguignonne." As far as incunabula are concerned, French and English printers often used this script when they printed books and documents not in Latin but in their own language. "Lettre de somme" was used for Balbus's Catholicon, which is attributed to Gutenberg, and also for Duranti's Rationale diüinorum officiorum, which was printed by Fust and Schöffer in 1459. The script called "fere-humanistica," which Petrarch (1304-74) started to use imitating "Carolingian minuscule" is also included in this category. The rotunda type, mentioned earlier, is included in this category. Another category has a roundish face and is called " lettre de somme" because the Scholastics often used it in their writings. Also called " lettre de forme," it has sharp corners and was mainly employed for books used in churches. One is the textura type used in the 42-line Bible. Gothic type accounts for 80% of all the types used in incunabula and can be divided into three major categories. Gothic and Roman were two major types used for incunabula, while italic type came into use in the 16th century. The term "Gothic" came from the views of the Renaissance-period humanists who regarded the Gothic type as Goth (like the Goths, barbarous or uncouth) as compared to the Roman type (ancient Roman script). Hence, this period is now called the "Carolingian Renaissance." The "Carolingian minuscule" script is closer to those used in ancient Rome than the Gothic script therefore humanists in the 15th century attempted to revive it as a symbol of return to classical styles of ancient times. Ancient Roman classics were transcribed using this script, and educational reforms were also carried out to establish a system of the seven liberal arts. Before his reform, books and documents written in the "half-uncial" and "cursive" scripts had been so difficult to read that Alcuin instructed the scribes to use easy-to-read letters and punctuation methods when writing. This script was introduced in the process of reforms implemented by Alcuin ( c.730-804), the great scholar of York. Until these " Gothic" scripts appeared, the elegant script "Carolingian minuscule," which had been created at the end of the eighth century when Charlemagne, the founder of the Carolingian dynasty, reigned, had spread throughout Europe. Therefore, many pieces of type based on this "rotunda" script were produced. A similar sharp-cornered yet slightly more rounded script was created in Bologna, a northern Italian city, in the 12th century, and this was called "rotunda" and also used until the 15th century. This script became popular in Germany shortly after, and in the period of Gutenberg it was widely used for Bibles, liturgies and other books. It was so called because the entire page looked like textured patterns and because the letters were sharp-cornered. The script called "textura quadrata," which was used to print the 42-line Bible, is derived from the "protogothic" script, which originated in northern France around the 11th century. As a result, each printer used different fonts, and in incunabula studies, these fonts are used as evidence for identifying the specific printer. In those days, there were no craftsmen specialized in type casting, so printers had to create the punches themselves or purchase them, or purchased only the matrices to cast the type themselves. For this reason, the printers of incunabula used various typefaces depending on the manuscript based on which they made books. In medieval Europe, different scripts were used in manuscripts depending on the type of books or documents or on when and where the transcription was performed.
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